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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COMPUTERISED AND NON-COMPUTERISED

COMPUTER SYSTEM

A system is an arrangement of elements that when it is put together it becomes an organised and established procedure. A system typically consists of components connected together in order to facilitate the flow of information, matter or energy.

A computer system consists of a set of hardware and software which processes data in a meaningful way. 

DIFFERENCEES BETWEEN ETHICS AND LAWS

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ETHICS AND LAWS

ETHICS

GUIDELINE - As a guideline to computer users.

MORAL STANDARDS - Ethical behavior is judged by moral standards.

FREE TO FOLLOW - Computer users are free to follow or ignore the code of ethics.

NO PUNISHMENTS - No punishment for anyone who violates ethics.

UNIVERSALS - Universal, can be applied anywhere, all over the world.

PRODUCE ETHICAL COMPUTER USERS - To produce ethical computer users.

IMMORAL - Not honoring computer ethics means ignoring the moral elements (immoral).

LAW

CONTROL - As a rule to control computer users.

JUDICIAL STANDARDS - Law is judged by judicial standards.

MUST FOLLOW - Computer users must follow the regulations and law.

PENALTIES, IMPRISONMENTS AND OTHER PUNISHMENTS - Penalties, imprisonments and other punishments for those who break the law.

DEPENDS ON COUNTRY - Depends on country and state where the crime is committed.

PREVENT MISUSING OF COMPUTERS - To prevent misuse of computers.

CRIME - Not honoring the law means committing a crime.

UNETHICAL VS. LAW BREAKING CONDUCTS

Unethical:

• using the office computer to do personal things

• reading your friend’s e-mail without his or her permission

• plagiarising and using materials from the Internet for your class assignment without giving credit to the original author.

Law breaking:

• sending a computer virus via e-mail

• hacking into your school’s database to change your examination results.

• selling pirated software in a night market

EVOLUTION OF ICT

First Generation Computers (1940-1956)

 

                                 

During the first generation,computers were with vacuum tubes.Vacuum tube is an electronic tube is made of glass used as computer component to store and process data.The problems of vacuum tube are generates lots of heat that can damage computer and tubes can burnt out frequently.ENIAC is first generation computer that contains weights of 30 tons,18000 vacuum tubes,30-50 foot space and 16000 watts of power.Advantages of computers in this era :The using of vacuum tubes that can store and process data

Second Generation of Computer (1956-1963) 

                                       

The invention of Transistors marked the start of the second generation. These transistors took place of the vacuum tubes used in the first generation computers. Second generation computers also started showing the characteristics of modern day computers with utilities such as printers,disk storage and operating systems. 

In Second Generation computers, the instructions(program) could be stored inside the computer's memory. High-level languages such as COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) and FORTRAN (Formula Translator) were used, and they are still used for some applications nowdays.

Third Generation of Computer (1964-1971)

 

                

In third generation, the operating systems allowerd the machine to run many different application. These applications were monitored and cooordinated by the computer's memory. In third generation also, the Integrated Circuit(IC) was invented in 1958 by Jack Kilby is combined with electronic components onto a small silicon disc, made from quartz. more advancement made possible the fitings of even more components on a small chip or semi conductor.

Fourth Generation of Computer (1971-present) 

             

Fourth Generation of computers are the modern day computers. The siz started to go down with the improvement in the integrated circuits. Very Large Scale(VLSI) and Ultra Large Scale(ULSI) ensured that millions of components could be fit into a small chip. It reduced the size and price of the computers at the same time increasing power, efficiency and reliability. "the intel 4004 chi[, developed in 1971, took integrated circuit one step further by locating all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory,and input and output controls) on a minuscule chip."

The continued improvement allowed the networking of computers for the sharing of data. Local Area Networks(LAN) and Wide Area Network(WAN), were potential benefits, in that they could be implemented in corporations and everybody could share data over it. Soon the internet aand World Wide Web appeared on the computer scene and formented the Hi-Tech revolution of 90's. 

Fifth Generation of Computer (present and  beyond)

                                                            

  

Fifth generations computers are only in the minds of advance research scientiets and being tested out in the laboratories. These computers will be under Artifical Intelligence(AI), They will be able to take commands in a audio visual way and carry out instructions. Many of the operations which requires low human intelligence will be perfomed by these computers.

Parallel Processing is coming and showing the possibiliy that the power of many CPU's can be used side by side, and computers will be more powerful than thoes under central processing. Advances in Super Conductor technology will greatly improve the speed of information traffic. Future looks bright for the computers. 

Penggunaan ICT Dalam Kehidupan

                                                                                                                                                                                                                       1. Bidang Pendidikan

Dengan adanya komputer mempermudah bagi pegawai administrasi sekolah untuk membuat kurikulum pengajaran , jadwal pelajaran sekolah, membuat daftar nama siswa , membuat daftar nilai siswa , membuat absen siswa , membuat perhitungan gaji pegawai dan membuat perencanaan pengajaran bagi guru-guru sekolah.

Mengakses Informasi Pendidikan lewat Internet. Seiring perkembangan jaman Internet telah merambah sekolah-sekolah setingkat kecamatan,sehingga akses informasipun semakin mudah diperoleh untuk kemajuan pendidikan tiap-tiap sekolah.

2.  Bidang Jasa Pengiriman Barang

Pejabat Pos boleh mengirimkan dokumen pengiriman barang lebih cepat dan akurat.Dengan adanya komputer dan internet orang tidak lagi menunggu berhari-hari menerima surat, cukup lewat email saja lebih cepat dalam sekejap , jadi dunia menjadi semakin sempit dalam arti bisa diakses sedemikian cepatnya.

3. Bidang Penerbangan

Dengan komputer semua jadual dan jalur penerbangan yang transit dibandaraya  boleh di program dan dijadualkan  dengan komputer. Untuk menerbangkan sendiri pesawat dilengkapi dengan peralatan komputer. Malahan setelah mencapai ketinggian tertentu pesawat boleh di terbangkan automatik dengan pilot automatik yang sudah diprogram di dalam komputer.

4. Bidang Kesihatan

Mempermudah Doktor dan Perawat dalam memonitor kesihatan pesakit monitor degupan jantung pesakit melalui monitor komputer, aliran darah , memeriksa organ dalam pesakit  dengan sinar X.  Dengan teknologi modern ini pesakit boleh dirawat dengan pantas.

DEFINISI IT DAN ICT

Istilah IT adalah suatu istilah yang biasa digunakan dan sinonim dengan istilah teknologi komputer. Menurut Longman dictionary of contemporary English(1987), IT didefinisakan sebagai "The science and practice of using computer and telecomunication system to gather, store, apply and transmit information".